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Thursday, May 30, 2013

Reginald Marsh's Coney Island

Reginald Marsh sketching people on the beach, 193- / Gene Pyle, photographer.
Reginald Marsh papers, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.
Painter Reginald Marsh is known for his depictions of jumbled masses of humanity - at burlesque houses, on city streets, at the beach. In 1939, Life magazine crowned Marsh "America’s foremost painter of burlesque girls, slum kids, subway strap-hangers, bums, honky-tonk rakehells, fat women bathers and all the ragtag and bobtail of a big city" (Life, p. 24). Having just ushered in the unofficial start of summer with Memorial Day this past Monday, now is the time to revisit Reginald Marsh and his favorite place to find ragtag and bobtail: Coney Island.




Marsh sketching a couple on a merry-go-round, 193- / Gene Pyle, photographer.
Reginald Marsh papers, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.
These photos of Marsh sketching from the Reginald Marsh papers at the Archives of American Art were most likely all taken at Coney Island. Marsh explained that he was drawn to Coney Island "because of the sea, the open air, and the crowds—crowds of people in all directions, in all positions, without clothing, moving—like the great compositions of Michelangelo and Rubens," (Cohen, p. 21) and, more to the point, "because it stinks of people and is earthy and real." (Life, p. 24)  Where better to find people in all directions and positions than at Steeplechase Park, an amusement park which boasted such attractions as the Human Roulette Wheel, the Human Pool Table, and the Barrel of Love?


Marsh sketching a a poster of a tattooed woman, 193-
Gene Pyle, photographer. Reginald Marsh papers,
Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.
Though Coney Island was dealt a serious blow by Hurricane Sandy last October, the beach and boardwalk are well on their way to recovery and officially opened for business this Memorial Day Weekend. No doubt this summer the Island will be teeming with bathers, fun-seekers, and the stink of humanity as usual. Reginald Marsh would be pleased.

Bettina Smith, Digital Projects Librarian
Archives of American Art

Further reading:

Cohen, Marilyn. Reginald Marsh's New York : paintings, drawings, prints, and photographs. New York: Dover Publications, 1983.

MacCullough, Edo. Good Old Coney Island: A Sentimental Journey Into the Past : the Most Rambunctious, Scandalous, Rapscallion, Splendiferous, Pugnacious, Spectacular, Illustrious, Prodigious, Frolicsome Island on Earth. Fordham Univ Press, 1957.

"Educated Like a Rich Man's Son, Marsh Prefers to Paint Poor Men." Life 9 Jan. 1939: 24-26. 

Tuesday, May 28, 2013

Armillary Spheres

Finale, Carmel, CA. 2009. Bonnie Brooks, photographer
Like any number of inventions, the origins of the armillary sphere are debated, credited to everyone from an ancient Greek philosopher to a Roman mathematician to a Chinese astronomer. The one commonality: it was created with the faulty supposition that the earth was the center of the universe!

Armillary spheres served as a model of the heavens with intersecting rings marking everything from latitude and longitude to the tropic of Cancer. (No wonder the name was derived from the Latin word ‘armilla’ meaning bracelet or ring.) Early spheres were fabricated out of wood but as they became more complex they were made of brass which withstood the elements out of doors. As with most objects of science, armillary spheres progressed as new discoveries were made. The Chinese used them to make calendar computations and calculations. During the Middle Ages, they served as sophisticated instruments used to map the solar system. Soon rings were added to mark the equator and the rotation of the sun, moon and known planets, making these spheres some of the first complex mechanical devices.

Marschalk-Spencer, Natchez, MS. July 2002. Sarah G. Tillman, photographer.
Because they were used outside where the sky was visible, armillary globes have become a common decorative feature in gardens. Today’s armillary spheres for garden use are strictly decorative in nature and much more streamlined than their ancient counterparts (think fewer rings inside the globe). While they no longer serve as a way to monitor the stars, they remain a symbol of progress and ingenuity throughout time.

Brittany Spencer-King
Smithsonian Gardens Intern, 2013

Thursday, May 23, 2013

Making "Tangible Biscuits" with Emory Cook

Booklet promoting Microfusion,
Cook Instruments Corp. (COOK-10-26).
From the Cook Labs records.
With albums like A Double Barrel Blast, Hellish Calypso, and Kilts on Parade, it's easy to see how Emory Cook's playful eccentricity set his record company, Cook Records, apart from the crowd. As an audiophile and pioneer of high-fidelity sound recordings, Emory Cook was focused on producing recordings that excited the listener. Cook would brave a thunderstorm on a hilltop to get a good recording of its booming majesty.

In addition to producing a unique and sonically diverse catalog, Cook patented the process of Microfusion to press his own records in a low-cost method that required a small staff and compact equipment--an ideal set-up for a small record company. With plants in Norwalk, Connecticut and Port of Spain, Trinidad, Cook was able to maintain his company's high standards of record production--right down to the building and repairing (and invention) of equipment in his in-house workshops.  In a promotional booklet advertising Cook Laboratories, Inc., a photograph of a circuit board is accompanied by the caption,"Typical function circuit board--if they don't exist we design them" (At last! 6).

Emory Cook with his Microfusion record press
(COOK-55-05). From the Cook Labs records.
The Microfusion process is based on the concept of molding records from vinyl powder instead of "fused rigid chips or biscuits" (Microfusion 1). These chips, used in the popular process of pressing records, are roughly the size of a hockey puck and extremely hard. Using a spongy “biscuit” made of vinyl powder instead of the more rigid material means the press "is not forced to rely upon high temperatures to squeeze a solid material radically across the groove of the matrix" (Microfusion 9), which apparently results in all manner of advantages to the lifespan of the equipment and the sound quality produced that are beyond my expertise as an archivist but never failed to enthuse Cook.

Cook wanted to democratize the manufacturing of records. The process was designed to be replicated anywhere and by anyone. Although it did not catch on in the commercial record industry, it continues to inspire the DIY-minded as a way to press their own records with limited resources. In a 1989 interview with Cook in Audio magazine, he explains the Microfusion process' superiority to hot extrusion: "Something that has not gone through an oven, that's been changed from a powder to a tangible biscuit that can be picked up, is bound to be better...Not just that, but you don't have to make several thousand records at a time to do it economically. You can make a hundred, a couple hundred, whatever you like."

Works Cited:
At last! A full service for audio media! Connecticut: Cook Laboratories, Inc., undated. Print.
Microfusion. Connecticut: Cook Instruments Corp., undated. Print.

Cecilia Peterson, Project Archivist
Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections

Monday, May 20, 2013

The Pen is Mightier

It’s always satisfying to discover those direct connections between the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation archival records and the objects that came into the museum during its many years in New York City. Some of my favorite examples of these links are pen and ink drawings made by collectors of the objects that ended up in the MAI collections. Below are some of my favorites that I’ve found. The bulk of the drawings and objects are from the Hendricks-Hodge Hawikku Expedition (1917-1923). There are hundreds more ink drawings of pots, jars and other pottery found in the exploration and excavation of the historic Zuni Villages funded by the MAI, Heye Foundation. 


Left Image: MAI, Heye Foundation Records. Oklahoma: Grand River Canoe Expedition, M.R. Harrington, 1908. Box 189, Folder 8. Right Image: Drill collected by M.R. Harrington. Object number 04/0202. Photo by NMAI Photo Services.



Left Image: MAI, Heye Foundation Records. Frederick Hodge: Hawikuh Pottery Ink Drawings. Box 253, Folder 20. Right Image: Jar from Hawikku (Hawikuh) Pueblo ruins. Object number 06/6453. Photo by NMAI Photo Services.



Left Image: MAI, Heye Foundation Records. Frederick Hodge: Hawikuh Pottery Ink Drawings. Box 253, Folder 20. Right Image: Jar from Hawikku (Hawikuh) Pueblo ruins. Object number 07/7145. Photo by NMAI Photo Services.



Left Image: MAI, Heye Foundation Records. Frederick Hodge: Hawikuh Pottery Ink Drawings. Box 253, Folder 20. Right Image: Vessel Fragment from Hawikku (Hawikuh) Pueblo ruins. Object number 08/6476. Photo by NMAI Photo Services.



Left Image: MAI, Heye Foundation Records. Frederick Hodge: Hawikuh Pottery Ink Drawings. Box 253, Folder 18. Right Image: Jar from Hawikku (Hawikuh) Pueblo ruins. Object number 09/7200. Photo by NMAI Photo Services.



Left Image: MAI, Heye Foundation Records. Frederick Hodge: Hawikuh Pottery Ink Drawings. Box 253, Folder 18. Right Image: Jar from Hawikku (Hawikuh) Pueblo ruins. Object number 09/7201. Photo by NMAI Photo Services.


Left Image: MAI, Heye Foundation Records. Donald B. Cordry: Huichol Catalog Notes. Box 212, Folder 07. Right Image: Zoque Dance wand used in the dance of San Roque. Object number 20/3859. Photo by NMAI Photo Services

Rachel Menyuk, Archives Technician